Ｃａｒｂｏｎｉｆｅｒｏｕｓ：３億５８９０万年前〜２億９８９０万年前の地質学的時間−有羊膜類の初めて誕生した時代
According to the 2004 Stratigraphic Congress on the Carboniferous..
Alibardi, L. Microscopic analysis of lizard claw morphogenesis and hypothesis on its evolution. Acta Zoologica: Morphology and Evolution. 2008.
Ancient animals got a rise out of oxygen. (Carboniferous period invertebrates). Science News. May 13, 1995.
A. Nel, P. Roques, P. Nel, J. Prokop & J. S. Steyer. The earliest holometabolous insect from the Carboniferous. 2007.
Benton M.J. and Donoghue P.C.J. Palaeontological evidence to date the tree of life. Molecular biology and evolution. 2006.
Benton, Michael J. Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd. 2005.
Benton, Michael J. Vertebrate Palaeontology. London: Chapman & Hall. 1997.
Benton, 2005. Vertebrate Palaeontology 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing.
Biello, David. White Rot Fungi Slowed Coal Formation. Scientific American. Retrieved 8 March 2013. 28 June 2012.
Blackwell M, Vilgalys R, James TY, Taylor JW. Fungi. Eumycota: mushrooms, sac fungi, yeast, molds, rusts, smuts, etc. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
Botha-Brink, J. Modesto, S.P. A mixed-age classed ‘pelycosaur’ aggregation from South Africa: earliest evidence of parental care in amniotes? 2007.
Campbell, Reece. Phylum Coniferophyta. Biology. 7th. 2005. P.595.
Carroll R.L. The origin of reptiles. In: Schultze H.-P., Trueb L., (ed) Origins of the higher groups of tetrapods ? controversy and consensus. 1991.
Carroll, R. L. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co. 1988.
Catuneanu, O; Wopfner, H; Eriksson, P; Cairncross, B; Rubidge, B; Smith, R; Hancox, P. The Karoo basins of south-central Africa. 2005.
Cesare Emiliani, Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the Evolution of Life and Environment. 1992.
Chapter on Crassigyrinus from Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods, by Jennifer A. Clack, Indiana University Press 2002.
Charlevoix. Earth Impact Database. University of New Brunswick. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Cleal, C. J. & Thomas, B. A. Palaeozoic tropical rainforests and their effect on global climates: is the past the key to the present? Geobiology. 2005.
Fedorowsky, J. Early Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Part 1. 2009.
Foster, Michael; Lankester, E. R. The scientific memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley. 4 vols and supplement, London: Macmillan (published 1898-1903). 2007.
Germain, D. The Moroccan diplocaulid: the last lepospondyl, the single one on Gondwana. Historical Biology. 2010.
Demaris, Phillip J. Formation and distribution of coal balls in the Herrin Coal (Pennsylvanian), Franklin County, Illinois Basin, USA. January 2000.
Earliest Evidence For Reptiles. Sflorg.com. 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
Falcon-Lang, H.J. et al. Ecology of early reptiles inferred from Lower Pennsylvanian trackways. Journal of the Geological Society, London. 2007.
Galtier, Jean. Coal-ball floras of the Namurian-Westphalian of Europe. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology (Elsevier Science B.V.). 1997.
Gauthier, J. A. et al. The early evolution of the Amniota. In M. J. Benton (ed.). The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods. 1988.
Gradstein, Felix M.; James G. Ogg; Alan G. Smith. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press. 2005. p. 288.
Jay Gould, S. Ontogeny and phylogeny. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1977.
Kindle, E. M. Concerning "Lake Balls," "Cladophora Balls" and "Coal Balls". American Midland Naturalist (University of Notre Dame). November 1934.
Haines PW, Hand M, Sandiford M. Palaeozoic synorogenic sedimentation in central and northern Australia. 2001.
Hamilton, G.N.G. and Finlay, J.G. Outline of Geology for South African Students, Central News Agency Ltd., Johannesburg. 1928.
Hampson G, Stollhofen H, Flint S. A sequence stratigraphic model for the Lower Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of the Ruhr district... 1999.
Hancox, P. J. and Bruce S. Rubidge. The role of fossils in interpreting the development of the Karoo basin, Palaeontologica Africana. 1997.
Haq BU, Hardenbol J, Vail PR. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science, vol. 235 (issue 4793). 1987. pp. 1156-1167.
Heckel, P.H. Pennsylvanian cyclothems in Midcontinent North America as far-field effects of waxing and waning of Gondwana ice sheets. 2008.
Henry, R.J. Plant Diversity and evolution. London. 2005.
Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. 1998.
Knee, Michael. Gymnosperms. hcs.ohio-state.edu. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
Kodner, R. B.; Graham, L. E. High-temperature, acid-hydrolyzed. 2001.
Late Carboniferous Climate (Bashkirian - Moscovian). PALEOMAP Project. href="https://www.scotese.com/bashclim.htm.
Latest Carboniferous Climate (Gzelian) Climate. PALEOMAP Project. href="https://www.scotese.com/gzelclim.htm.
Laurin, M. and Rize R.R. A new study of Solenodonsaurus janenschi, and a reconsideration of amniote origins and stegocephalian evolution. 1999.
Laurin, M.; Reisz, R. R. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1995.
Laurin, Michel, and Robert R. Reisz. Synapsida: Mammals and their extinct relatives. Version 6 April 2007.
Laurin, M. The Evolution of Body Size, Cope's Rule and the Origin of Amniotes. Systematic Biology. 2004.
Lombard, R. E. & Bolt, J. R. Evolution of the tetrapod ear: an analysis and reinterpretation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1979.
Maddison, David R. Tree of Life Web Project ? Pterygota. Winged insects. Version of 2002-JAN-01. Retrieved 2008-DEC-15. 2002.
M. Alan Kazlev. The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era: 299 to 359 million years ago, Palaeos.org. 1998. Retrieved on 2008-06-23.
Merrill, Ronald T. et al. The magnetic field of the earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle. Academic Press. 1998.
Modesto, S.P.; Anderson, J.S. The phylogenetic definition of Reptilia. Systematic Biology. 2004.
Monastersky, R.: Out of the Swamps, How early vertebrates established a foothold-with all 10 toes-on land, Science News. 1999.
Müller, J. Reisz, R. R. The phylogeny of early eureptiles: comparing parsimony and Bayesian approaches in the investigation of a basal fossil clade. 2006.
Myxini - University of California Museum of Paleontology.
Nemyrovska, T.I. Bashkirian conodonts of the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Scr. Geol. 119. 1999. pp 1?115 (Russian).
Palmer, D., ed. The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999. p. 62.
Panksepp, J. Foreword to Cory, G. and Gardner, R. (2002) The Evolutionary Neuroethology of Paul MacLean: Convergences and Frontiers. 2003.
Paul, G. Dinosaurs of the Air, the evolution and loss of flight in dinosaurs and birds, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002. pp. 171-224.
Prum, R. Are current critiques of the theropod origin of birds science? Rebuttal To Feduccia 2002. 2003.
R. Aidan Martin. A Golden Age of Sharks. Biology of Sharks and Rays. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
R. L. Paton, T. R. Smithson and J. A. Clack. An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland. (abstract), Nature. 8 April 1999.
Romer, Alfred Sherwood. The early evolution of land vertebrates. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1956.
Romer, A.S. The primitive reptile Limnoscelis restudied. American Journal of Science. 1946.
Ruta, M.; Coates, M.I. & Quicke, D.L.J. Early tetrapod relationships revisited. Biological Review. 2003.
Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica (PDF). Geology. 2010.
Sallan, Lauren Cole; Coates, Michael I. End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates. PNAS. 2010.
Schlüter, Thomas. Geological Atlas of Africa: With Notes on Stratigraphy, Tectonics, Economic Geology, Geohazards and Geosites of Each Country. 2008.
Slow molecular evolution in 18S rDNA, rbcL and nad5 genes of mosses compared with higher plants.
Solenodonsaurus. Palaeos. href="https://palaeos.com/vertebrates/reptiliomorpha/solenodonsaurus.html.
Solovieva, M.N. Zonal fusulinid scale of the Moscovian Stage based on a revision of the type sections of intrastage subdivisions, Vopr. 1986.
Špinar, Z. V. Revision of some Morovian Discosauriscidae. Rozpravy ustrededniho U?tavu Geologickeho no 15. 1952. pp 1-160.
Stanley, S.M. Earth System History. New York: Freeman and Company. 1999.
Taylor JW, Berbee ML. Dating divergences in the Fungal Tree of Life: review and new analyses. Mycologia. 2006.
Thomas, B.A. A probable moss from the Lower Carboniferous of the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire. Annals of Botany. 1972.
Ward, P. et al. Confirmation of Romer's Gap is a low oxygen interval constraining the timing of initial arthropod and vertebrate terrestrialization. 2006.
Waugh, Rob. Mushrooms may have stopped coal from forming 300 million years ago - and discovery could be key to creating new biofuels. 2012.
細谷剛. 新しい菌類の分類体系. 菌類のふしぎ−形とはたらきの驚異の多様性−（国立科学博物館［編］）. 2008.
Wikipedia contributors. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation.
クリエイティブ・コモンズ・ライセンスに準拠した翻案作品の共有されるアーティクルです、編集された複製に関して変更しました。